ORAL MEDICINE FINAL EXAM\EN
Choose the most appropriate answer:
1. Which of these infection may have a role in the etiology of oral cancer:
a. Herpes simplex infection.
b. Human papillomavirus infection.
c. Candidal infection.
d. Syphilitic infection.
e. All of above.
f. A+B only.
2. All of these could be considered as cause of desquamative gingivitis except:
a. pemphigiod.
b. Lichen planus.
c. Pemphigus.
d. Plasma cell gingivitis (allergic gingivitis).
e. Non of above.
3. The blister in angina bullosa haeorrhagica heal completely within :
a. 1 week.
b. 3 weeks.
c. 1 month.
d. 2 months.
e. 3 months.
4. The worst side effect of radiation therapy for treatment of oral cancer :
a. Radiation caries.
b. Degeneration of tooth pulp.
c. Xerostomia .
d. Osteoradionecrosis .
5. Asymptomatic, speckled red and white patch of the tongue was found in an elderly man who admitted to heavy alcohol and tobacco use. The patient was aware of the lesion’s presence but was uncertain of the duration. The lesion was firm to palpation and rough in texture. The most likely diagnosis of this lesion is :
a. Traumatic ulcer.
b. Candidiasis .
c. Squamous cell Carcinoma.
d. Lichen planus.
e. Systemic lupus erythromatous .
6. Bilateral linear white plaque was discovered on buccal mucosa in a 50 year-old woman during a routine dental examination. The patient claims she has been under a lot of stress lately because of family problems. The plaques are asymptomatic. The plaques are asymptomatic and do not rub off. The most likely diagnosis is :
a. Lupus erythromatous .
b. Lichen planus .
c. Candidiasis .
d. Frictional Keratosis .
e. Leukoplakia .
7. A 45-ear old woman appears at the dental clinic with this pink smooth-surfaced papule. It is 7mm in diameter, firm, and nonfluctuant. This lesion has been present for several years and has slowly increased in size:
a. Fibroepithelial polyp.
b. Peripheral odontogenic fibroma.
c. Pyogenic granuloma
d. Lipoma
e. Non of above
8. The best treatment for verrucous carcinoma is:
a. Radiation therapy.
b. Chemo therapy.
c. Surgical excision.
d. All of above.
e. None of above.
9. Blood crusted lips could be considered as orofacial manifestation of:
a. Lichen planus.
b. Erythema multiform.
c. Pemphigoid.
d. Epidermolysis bullosa.
e. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica.
10. A 40-year old man presents to the dental clinic with rapid appearance of a blood filled blister & lesion was found in the soft palate. Patient complains of some discomfort at that area. The most likely diagnosis for this condition is:
a. pemphigus.
b. Erythema multiform.
c. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica.
d. Epidermolysis bullosa.
e. IgA dermatitis.
11. Which of these will not be used in the mangement of leukoplakia?
a. Biopsy and histological examination.
a. Topical application of bleomycine.
b. Topical steroid therapy.
c. Laser therapy.
d. Close follow up is mandatory.
12. The usual cause of infectious mononucleosise: a. Cytomegaly virus.
b. Epstein – Barr virus.
c. Coxsackie virus.
d. Human papilloma virus.
e. None of above.
13. Which type of lichen planus is most likely to be symptomatic and require treatment?
a. reticular.
b. papular.
c. plaque.
d. erosive.
e. atrophic.
14. Which of these drugs have been shown induce lichenoid lesions?
a. Non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs.
b. Beta-blockers.
c. Sulphonamides.
d. Antimalarials.
e. All of above.
f. a and b only
15. All of these could be considered as routine assessment of jaw function except:
a. Palpation of the TMJ.
b. Determination of maximal opening.
c. Observation for lateral deviation of the mandible during opening.
d. Palpation of the midline tissue including larynx, trachea, thyroid gland and demonstrate any lateral deviation in the position of the larynx.
e. Palpation to identify tenderness of the muscles of mastication.
16. Which of the following disease shows autoantibodies against intercellular cementing substance of stratified squamous epithelium?
a. Bullous pemphigoid .
b. Erythema multiform.
c. Pemphigus vulgaris.
d. Dermatitis herpetiformis.
e. Benign mucous membrane.
17. Target lesions are characteristically seen in:
a. Lichen planus.
b. Epidermylosis bullosa.
c. Pemphigus.
d. Steven Johnson syndrome.
e. Behcets syndrome.
18. Which of these statements are not true about oral cancer? a. Early cancers appear as white or red patches or shallow ulcers and are painless.
b. Later carcinomas appear as ulcers with prominent rolled edges and induration and become painful.
c. Spread is by direct invasion of surrounding tissues and by lymphatic ****stasis.
d. Submental and deep cervical nodes are most frequently involved by ****stasis.
e. Non of above.
19. A patient presents with mild fever, sore throat and ulceration on tonsils, posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate. Most likely diagnosis is: a. Herpangina .
b. Herpetic gingivostomatitis.
c. Recurrent aphthous major.
d. Recurrent aphthous minor.
e. Non of above.
20. Which of the following is the most common precipitating agent for
occurrence of erythema multiform? a. Amalgam restoration.
b. Stress.
c. Herpes simplex
d. Hypoglycaemic
e. Beta-blockers.
21. Basement membrane zone antibodies seen in immunofluorescent
studies of pemphigoid. Most frequently belong to which of the following group of antibodies:
a. Ig M
b. Ig G
c. Ig E
d. C 4
e. All of above.
22. Oral site where leukoplakia has maximum malignant potential is:
a. Buccal mucosa
b. Floor of the mouth
c. Palate
d. Retromolar pad area
e. Gingiva
23. After clinical and histological examination of a case of carcinoma of tongue, the tumor is assigned T2N2M0 GRADE. It signifies:
a. Tumor less than 2 cm in diameter with homolateral lymph node involvement without evidence of ****stasis.
b. Tumor 2-4 cm in diameter with clinically palpable bilateral lymph nodes with evidence of ****stasis.
c. Tumor greater than 4 cm in diameter with clinically palpable bilateral lymph nodes without evidence of ****stasis
d. Tumor 2-4 cm in diameter with clinically palpable bilateral lymph nodes without evidence of ****stasis.
24. Most significant factor affecting prognosis in patients of intraoral carcinoma is:
a. Site of lesion
b. Size of lesion
c. Presence or absence of ****stasis
d. Ulceration
25. Multiple basal cell carcinoma of skin may be a feature of
a. Gardner syndrome
b. Acanthosis nigricans
c. Gorlin-Goltz syndrome
d. Ectodermal dysplasia
e. All of above
26. Hereditary hemorarhageic telengiectasia is also known as:
a. Sturge-Weber disease
b. Rendu-Osler-Weber disease
c. Port-wine stain
d. Gardner sundrome
e. Angina bullosa hemoragica
27. Which of the following lesions has best prognosis?
a) squamous cell carcinoma of pharynx
b) squamous cell carcinoma of lip
c) squamous cell carcinoma of posterior one third of tongue
d) squamous cell carcinoma of anterior two third of tongue
e) squamous cell carcinoma of floor of mouth
f) squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa
28. All of these are true about mucous membrane pemphigoid except:
a. Females mainly affected and usually elderly
b. Oral mucosa often involved as the first site
c. Involvement of the eyes, may cause scaring and blindness
d. Widespread of skin involvement
e. Non of the above
29. An elevated, bright purplish red friable tumor like mass located most frequently in gingival area and consisting of granulation tissue with young fibroblasts, proliferating capillaries and inflammatory cells is:
a. Squamous cell papilloma
b. Pyogenic granuloma
c. Fibroma
d. Peripheral giant cell granuloma
e. Non of above
30. The characteristic microscopic feature of pemphigus is:
1. a cleft within the statum spinosum
2. sub epithelial clefting
3. separation of the epithelium from the underlying lamina propria
4. there is desmosme destruction
a. 1+2
b. 1+4
c. 2+3+4
d. 1+3
e. 1+3 +4
31. All of these are clinical features of acute necrotizing ulcertative gingivitis except:
a. Soreness and bleeding of the gingival
b. Necrosis of the gingival papillae
c. Halitosis
d. Bulla gingival formation
e. Non of above
32. The diagnosis of syphilis is generally based on the results of:
a. Culturing
b. Serological investigation
c. Biopsy
d. Gram-stained smear of the oral lesion
e. Non of above
33. This 53-year –old woman came to the dental clinic because of burning, painful gingival. An incisional biopsy was performed, and during the initial incision the gingival began to slough. The biopsy report indicated that the epithelium was separated from the lamina below the basal cell layer. The most likely diagnosis is:
a. Pemphigus
b. Erythema multiform
c. Lupus erythromatous
d. Pemphigoid
e. Angina bullousa hemorrhagic
34. The best treatment for leukoedema is:
a. Surgical excision
b. Biopsy
c. None required
d. Laser therapy
e. Eliminate bruxism
35. All of these can be considered as principle viruses that affect the oral mucosa and perioral region except:
a. Herpes simplex virus
b. varicella zoster virus
c. group B coxackieviruses
d. parmyxoviruses
e. human papilloma viruses
36. The most common site for oral lichen planus:
a. Buccal mucosa
b. Tongue
c. Gingival
d. Lips
e. Alveolar ridge
37. Urea elevated above normal value in:
1. Dehydration
2. Liver disease
3. Renal failure
4. Cardiac failure
a. 1+2+4
b. 1+3
c. 2+3
d. 1+3+4
e. 2+3+4
f. all of above
38. All of these are true about Vitamine B12 EXCEPT:
a. Vitamin is involved in erythrocyte production
b. Vitamin B12 deficiency should be suspected if a microcytosis is detected in a full blood count and film.
c. Vitamin B12 is estimated by radioimmnoassay of serum
d. This radioimmunoassay is sometimes unreliable and it is worthwhile repeating the test if a low B12 value is obtained in conjunction with a normal MCV.
e. None of above
39. The Sickledex test is used to detect an abnormal form of:
a. Erythrocyte
b. Hemoglobin,
c. White blood test
d. Platelet
e. none of above
40. All of these considered as herpes group of viruses except:
a. Varicella zoster virus
b. Epstein - Barr virus
c. Humanpapilloma virus
d. cytomegally virus
e. None of above
41. Well-circumscribed, smooth-surfaced, dome-shaped yellowish to pink nodule commonly located on buccal mucosa. This lesion is slightly doughy upon palpation and grows slowly.
The most probable diagnosis:
a. Papilloma
b. Leukoedema
c. Lipoma
d. Neurofibromatosis
e. Ephelis
42. All of these can be considered as antifungal therapy except:
a. clotrimazle
b. fluconazloe
c. nystatine
d. flucinonide
e. None of above
43. All of these are true about the management of verrucous carcinoma except:
a. Biopsy to confirm diagnosis
b. Surgical excision after confirmation of diagnosis
c. Radiation therapy after surgical excision
d. Discontinue smokeless tobacco habit
e. None of above
44. All of these lesions associated with vesicular eruption except;
a) Herpangina
b) Herpitiform ulceration
c) Chicken pox
d) Herpes zoster
e) Hand, foot and mouth syndrome
Answer the following question:
1. 60-year old female presented to your dental clinic because she afraid of white lesion in her mouth. On examination you note a network of white lesions on both buccal mucosas, which are painless. There are no other oral lesions. On further questioning the patient reports an itchy rash on her wrists.
a. Give the most probable diagnosis of this lesion and discuss how you can confirm your diagnosis
b. Discuss the management options for this lesion.
2. Discuss the importance of immunofluorescence studies in the diagnosis of vesiculobullous disorders.
3. A 65-year-old patient presents to your dental surgery for the first time. He is edentulous patient and his lower denture is badly stained with several teeth missing. This patient has a history of heavy tobacco smoking.
He complains that he noticed a small asymptomatic ulcer on his tongue from 2 months ago, and never quite healed.
During your oral examination you noticed this isolated elevated ulcer which is 1.5 cm in diameter on the lateral surface of patient tongue.
a) What question would you ask this patient?
b) What feature of the ulcer is important to note?
c) What is the most likely differential diagnosis in this particular case?
d) How would you manage this patient?
Choose the most appropriate answer:
1. Which of these infection may have a role in the etiology of oral cancer:
a. Herpes simplex infection.
b. Human papillomavirus infection.
c. Candidal infection.
d. Syphilitic infection.
e. All of above.
f. A+B only.
2. All of these could be considered as cause of desquamative gingivitis except:
a. pemphigiod.
b. Lichen planus.
c. Pemphigus.
d. Plasma cell gingivitis (allergic gingivitis).
e. Non of above.
3. The blister in angina bullosa haeorrhagica heal completely within :
a. 1 week.
b. 3 weeks.
c. 1 month.
d. 2 months.
e. 3 months.
4. The worst side effect of radiation therapy for treatment of oral cancer :
a. Radiation caries.
b. Degeneration of tooth pulp.
c. Xerostomia .
d. Osteoradionecrosis .
5. Asymptomatic, speckled red and white patch of the tongue was found in an elderly man who admitted to heavy alcohol and tobacco use. The patient was aware of the lesion’s presence but was uncertain of the duration. The lesion was firm to palpation and rough in texture. The most likely diagnosis of this lesion is :
a. Traumatic ulcer.
b. Candidiasis .
c. Squamous cell Carcinoma.
d. Lichen planus.
e. Systemic lupus erythromatous .
6. Bilateral linear white plaque was discovered on buccal mucosa in a 50 year-old woman during a routine dental examination. The patient claims she has been under a lot of stress lately because of family problems. The plaques are asymptomatic. The plaques are asymptomatic and do not rub off. The most likely diagnosis is :
a. Lupus erythromatous .
b. Lichen planus .
c. Candidiasis .
d. Frictional Keratosis .
e. Leukoplakia .
7. A 45-ear old woman appears at the dental clinic with this pink smooth-surfaced papule. It is 7mm in diameter, firm, and nonfluctuant. This lesion has been present for several years and has slowly increased in size:
a. Fibroepithelial polyp.
b. Peripheral odontogenic fibroma.
c. Pyogenic granuloma
d. Lipoma
e. Non of above
8. The best treatment for verrucous carcinoma is:
a. Radiation therapy.
b. Chemo therapy.
c. Surgical excision.
d. All of above.
e. None of above.
9. Blood crusted lips could be considered as orofacial manifestation of:
a. Lichen planus.
b. Erythema multiform.
c. Pemphigoid.
d. Epidermolysis bullosa.
e. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica.
10. A 40-year old man presents to the dental clinic with rapid appearance of a blood filled blister & lesion was found in the soft palate. Patient complains of some discomfort at that area. The most likely diagnosis for this condition is:
a. pemphigus.
b. Erythema multiform.
c. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica.
d. Epidermolysis bullosa.
e. IgA dermatitis.
11. Which of these will not be used in the mangement of leukoplakia?
a. Biopsy and histological examination.
a. Topical application of bleomycine.
b. Topical steroid therapy.
c. Laser therapy.
d. Close follow up is mandatory.
12. The usual cause of infectious mononucleosise: a. Cytomegaly virus.
b. Epstein – Barr virus.
c. Coxsackie virus.
d. Human papilloma virus.
e. None of above.
13. Which type of lichen planus is most likely to be symptomatic and require treatment?
a. reticular.
b. papular.
c. plaque.
d. erosive.
e. atrophic.
14. Which of these drugs have been shown induce lichenoid lesions?
a. Non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs.
b. Beta-blockers.
c. Sulphonamides.
d. Antimalarials.
e. All of above.
f. a and b only
15. All of these could be considered as routine assessment of jaw function except:
a. Palpation of the TMJ.
b. Determination of maximal opening.
c. Observation for lateral deviation of the mandible during opening.
d. Palpation of the midline tissue including larynx, trachea, thyroid gland and demonstrate any lateral deviation in the position of the larynx.
e. Palpation to identify tenderness of the muscles of mastication.
16. Which of the following disease shows autoantibodies against intercellular cementing substance of stratified squamous epithelium?
a. Bullous pemphigoid .
b. Erythema multiform.
c. Pemphigus vulgaris.
d. Dermatitis herpetiformis.
e. Benign mucous membrane.
17. Target lesions are characteristically seen in:
a. Lichen planus.
b. Epidermylosis bullosa.
c. Pemphigus.
d. Steven Johnson syndrome.
e. Behcets syndrome.
18. Which of these statements are not true about oral cancer? a. Early cancers appear as white or red patches or shallow ulcers and are painless.
b. Later carcinomas appear as ulcers with prominent rolled edges and induration and become painful.
c. Spread is by direct invasion of surrounding tissues and by lymphatic ****stasis.
d. Submental and deep cervical nodes are most frequently involved by ****stasis.
e. Non of above.
19. A patient presents with mild fever, sore throat and ulceration on tonsils, posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate. Most likely diagnosis is: a. Herpangina .
b. Herpetic gingivostomatitis.
c. Recurrent aphthous major.
d. Recurrent aphthous minor.
e. Non of above.
20. Which of the following is the most common precipitating agent for
occurrence of erythema multiform? a. Amalgam restoration.
b. Stress.
c. Herpes simplex
d. Hypoglycaemic
e. Beta-blockers.
21. Basement membrane zone antibodies seen in immunofluorescent
studies of pemphigoid. Most frequently belong to which of the following group of antibodies:
a. Ig M
b. Ig G
c. Ig E
d. C 4
e. All of above.
22. Oral site where leukoplakia has maximum malignant potential is:
a. Buccal mucosa
b. Floor of the mouth
c. Palate
d. Retromolar pad area
e. Gingiva
23. After clinical and histological examination of a case of carcinoma of tongue, the tumor is assigned T2N2M0 GRADE. It signifies:
a. Tumor less than 2 cm in diameter with homolateral lymph node involvement without evidence of ****stasis.
b. Tumor 2-4 cm in diameter with clinically palpable bilateral lymph nodes with evidence of ****stasis.
c. Tumor greater than 4 cm in diameter with clinically palpable bilateral lymph nodes without evidence of ****stasis
d. Tumor 2-4 cm in diameter with clinically palpable bilateral lymph nodes without evidence of ****stasis.
24. Most significant factor affecting prognosis in patients of intraoral carcinoma is:
a. Site of lesion
b. Size of lesion
c. Presence or absence of ****stasis
d. Ulceration
25. Multiple basal cell carcinoma of skin may be a feature of
a. Gardner syndrome
b. Acanthosis nigricans
c. Gorlin-Goltz syndrome
d. Ectodermal dysplasia
e. All of above
26. Hereditary hemorarhageic telengiectasia is also known as:
a. Sturge-Weber disease
b. Rendu-Osler-Weber disease
c. Port-wine stain
d. Gardner sundrome
e. Angina bullosa hemoragica
27. Which of the following lesions has best prognosis?
a) squamous cell carcinoma of pharynx
b) squamous cell carcinoma of lip
c) squamous cell carcinoma of posterior one third of tongue
d) squamous cell carcinoma of anterior two third of tongue
e) squamous cell carcinoma of floor of mouth
f) squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa
28. All of these are true about mucous membrane pemphigoid except:
a. Females mainly affected and usually elderly
b. Oral mucosa often involved as the first site
c. Involvement of the eyes, may cause scaring and blindness
d. Widespread of skin involvement
e. Non of the above
29. An elevated, bright purplish red friable tumor like mass located most frequently in gingival area and consisting of granulation tissue with young fibroblasts, proliferating capillaries and inflammatory cells is:
a. Squamous cell papilloma
b. Pyogenic granuloma
c. Fibroma
d. Peripheral giant cell granuloma
e. Non of above
30. The characteristic microscopic feature of pemphigus is:
1. a cleft within the statum spinosum
2. sub epithelial clefting
3. separation of the epithelium from the underlying lamina propria
4. there is desmosme destruction
a. 1+2
b. 1+4
c. 2+3+4
d. 1+3
e. 1+3 +4
31. All of these are clinical features of acute necrotizing ulcertative gingivitis except:
a. Soreness and bleeding of the gingival
b. Necrosis of the gingival papillae
c. Halitosis
d. Bulla gingival formation
e. Non of above
32. The diagnosis of syphilis is generally based on the results of:
a. Culturing
b. Serological investigation
c. Biopsy
d. Gram-stained smear of the oral lesion
e. Non of above
33. This 53-year –old woman came to the dental clinic because of burning, painful gingival. An incisional biopsy was performed, and during the initial incision the gingival began to slough. The biopsy report indicated that the epithelium was separated from the lamina below the basal cell layer. The most likely diagnosis is:
a. Pemphigus
b. Erythema multiform
c. Lupus erythromatous
d. Pemphigoid
e. Angina bullousa hemorrhagic
34. The best treatment for leukoedema is:
a. Surgical excision
b. Biopsy
c. None required
d. Laser therapy
e. Eliminate bruxism
35. All of these can be considered as principle viruses that affect the oral mucosa and perioral region except:
a. Herpes simplex virus
b. varicella zoster virus
c. group B coxackieviruses
d. parmyxoviruses
e. human papilloma viruses
36. The most common site for oral lichen planus:
a. Buccal mucosa
b. Tongue
c. Gingival
d. Lips
e. Alveolar ridge
37. Urea elevated above normal value in:
1. Dehydration
2. Liver disease
3. Renal failure
4. Cardiac failure
a. 1+2+4
b. 1+3
c. 2+3
d. 1+3+4
e. 2+3+4
f. all of above
38. All of these are true about Vitamine B12 EXCEPT:
a. Vitamin is involved in erythrocyte production
b. Vitamin B12 deficiency should be suspected if a microcytosis is detected in a full blood count and film.
c. Vitamin B12 is estimated by radioimmnoassay of serum
d. This radioimmunoassay is sometimes unreliable and it is worthwhile repeating the test if a low B12 value is obtained in conjunction with a normal MCV.
e. None of above
39. The Sickledex test is used to detect an abnormal form of:
a. Erythrocyte
b. Hemoglobin,
c. White blood test
d. Platelet
e. none of above
40. All of these considered as herpes group of viruses except:
a. Varicella zoster virus
b. Epstein - Barr virus
c. Humanpapilloma virus
d. cytomegally virus
e. None of above
41. Well-circumscribed, smooth-surfaced, dome-shaped yellowish to pink nodule commonly located on buccal mucosa. This lesion is slightly doughy upon palpation and grows slowly.
The most probable diagnosis:
a. Papilloma
b. Leukoedema
c. Lipoma
d. Neurofibromatosis
e. Ephelis
42. All of these can be considered as antifungal therapy except:
a. clotrimazle
b. fluconazloe
c. nystatine
d. flucinonide
e. None of above
43. All of these are true about the management of verrucous carcinoma except:
a. Biopsy to confirm diagnosis
b. Surgical excision after confirmation of diagnosis
c. Radiation therapy after surgical excision
d. Discontinue smokeless tobacco habit
e. None of above
44. All of these lesions associated with vesicular eruption except;
a) Herpangina
b) Herpitiform ulceration
c) Chicken pox
d) Herpes zoster
e) Hand, foot and mouth syndrome
Answer the following question:
1. 60-year old female presented to your dental clinic because she afraid of white lesion in her mouth. On examination you note a network of white lesions on both buccal mucosas, which are painless. There are no other oral lesions. On further questioning the patient reports an itchy rash on her wrists.
a. Give the most probable diagnosis of this lesion and discuss how you can confirm your diagnosis
b. Discuss the management options for this lesion.
2. Discuss the importance of immunofluorescence studies in the diagnosis of vesiculobullous disorders.
3. A 65-year-old patient presents to your dental surgery for the first time. He is edentulous patient and his lower denture is badly stained with several teeth missing. This patient has a history of heavy tobacco smoking.
He complains that he noticed a small asymptomatic ulcer on his tongue from 2 months ago, and never quite healed.
During your oral examination you noticed this isolated elevated ulcer which is 1.5 cm in diameter on the lateral surface of patient tongue.
a) What question would you ask this patient?
b) What feature of the ulcer is important to note?
c) What is the most likely differential diagnosis in this particular case?
d) How would you manage this patient?
Oral pathology exam
First exam
Answer the following questions:
1- Give examples of craniofacial anomalies and developmental syndromes associated with abnormalities in the number of teeth.
2- Describe the histopathological appearance of the following lesions:
a. Dentigerous cyst associated with impacted third molar.
b. Chronic periapical granuloma.
c. Regional odontodysplasia.
3. Describe the mechanism of formation of radicular cyst (pathogenisis).
ORAL PATHOLOGY syndrome
b. von Recklinghausen’s disease of nerves.
Answer the following question:
1. There is a wide range in the histological appearances of oral leukoplakia which reflect varying degrees of keratosis, epithelial thickness, and epithelial dysplasia.
2. 60-year old female presented to your dental clinic because she afraid of white lesion in her mouth. On examination you note a network of white lesions on both buccal mucosas, which are painless. There are no other oral lesions. On further questioning the patient reports an itchy rash on her wrists.
a. Give the most probable diagnosis of this lesion and discuss how you can confirm your diagnosis
b. Discuss the pathological appearance of this lesion.
3. Make a definition of the following syndromes or diseases:
a. Sturge-Weber
b. von Recklinghausen’s disease of nerves.
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